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| BIOMASS / BIOENERGY APPLICATIONS |
| The biomass that
means living mass can be defined in different forms, but it is
possible to summarize it as an energy containing organic carbon
without any amount of fossil that occurs in particular time,
area or volume measurements from the living plant above and
below the soil and animal substances. Biomass, often are divided
into two as a plant and an animal origin. Is a unit it is age or
dry mass rational to a particular area. Wood (energy forests,
trees), oil seed crops (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, etc..),
carbohydrate crops (wheat, corn, beets, potatoes, etc..),
protein crops (peas, beans, etc..), fiber plants (cotton, hemp,
sorghum, etc..), plant residues (stalk, straw, wood and roots,
bark, seeds, etc..), animal waste and urban and industrial
wastes for biomass energy technologies are evaluated in the
context. Mainly coal and fuels such as oil and natural gas are
created with still remain of living organisms under the ground
for millions of years. In spite of biomass and fossil fuels same
features, many harmful substances thrown into the air when
burned, because they are transformed by the temperatures and
pressures under the soil. Moreover, burning within a short time
of this depot occurred in millions of years caused deterioration
of the balance of carbon dioxide in the air, as a result the
global warming has begun. Biomass energy can be classified as classical and modern biomass energy. Classic biomass energy consist of plants and animal waste (stalk, straw, dung ... etc.) derived from forest and used as wood and fuel. Modern biomass energy is the use of energy in industry process, transportation and trade industry by processing of energy forestry, wood and forest industry waste, animal waste and urban waste. Today in Turkey, the most used renewable resource is classic biomass energy. In application of classic biomass in our country, wood consumption causes raw material in the wood industry to be destroyed, including illegal cutting of the forest. Animal dung burned as waste, destroys the need of agriculture that is manure. Therefore, classic biomass energy use in our country, takes place in primitive and uneconomic manner. Rewarding to significant potential of modern biomass energy, agricultural energy crops are not recognized enough and do not put on the agenda, forestry energy is also dealt with a limited scope. With the development of modern biomass not economical classic biomass will be eliminated. Organic materials those are energy sources by mean of photosynthesis gain oxygen needed for respiration by all living organisms to the atmosphere during the synthesis. The environment will be protected in terms of CO2 emissions during obtaining energy from biomass, if the result of burning produced organic materials is formation of carbon dioxide, which earlier during the formation of these substances was taken from the atmosphere. As you can see the plants not only a food source, but also environmentally friendly source of inexhaustible energy. Because of that the biomass energy is important as a national and local source, renewable because it is based on cultivation and environmentally friendly. If we look at Turkey's forests, most of the forests is natural forest areas ad covers 27.2% (99.9%’s state-owned) of country total area (a quarter of the country). Forestry waste is also abundant in our forests. Approximately 25% of a tree consists of branches, stem bark, sawdust and end-pieces left over after cutting and most of this waste is left in the forests. In our country's agricultural sector there is also a lot of waste created and this waste, unfortunately not evaluated. Biomass Farming To get the raw material for biofuel in modern biomass energy trees and plants those can grow quickly have been developed. *Energy Farming Energy farming is the name of farming of plant for energy production purposes. Energy plants are called as C4-type plants (Panicum-, Pennsitum-, sugarcane, maize, sugar beet, sweet maize (sweet sorghum), relatively unknown in our country Miscanthus). *Energy Forestry The efficiency of energy forests higher than efficiency of natural forests. Fast growing plants and trees like black poplar, balsa poplar, the aspen, willow, alder, maple, birch, acacia, eucalyptus and semi-arid areas plants such as cynara are grown for energy purposes all over the world today. Fuels obtained from biomass are called biofuel and also can be produced from solid, liquid and gas fuel biomass as an alternative product to large number of fuels. Solid fuels: biopellet, biobriquettes, bioanzunder, biocoal, charcoal, ... etc. Liquid fuels: biodiesel, ethanol, biomethanol, biodymetileter, bioetiltersiyerbutileter, vegetable oils, ... etc. Gas fuels: biogas, biohydrogen, biosynthesis gas, ... etc. |
| Solid fuels: biopellet, biobriquettes, bioanzunder, biocoal, charcoal, ... etc. |
| Liquid fuels: biodiesel, ethanol, biomethanol, biodymetileter, bioetiltersiyerbutileter, vegetable oils, ... etc. |
| Gas fuels: biogas, biohydrogen, biosynthesis gas, ... etc. |
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